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Gross domestic product, the sum of all goods and services produced across the sprawling U.S. economy, is expected to post a 2.4% annualized growth rate for the first quarter, according to the Dow Jones consensus forecast. If that estimate is accurate, it would mark a step down from the 3.4% growth rate in the fourth quarter of 2023 and just a touch less than last year's 2.5% full-year growth rate. "The U.S. economy is still very resilient, supported by a solid labor market that continues to support robust income growth and in turn, consumer spending activity," EY-Parthenon chief economist Gregory Daco said. "We are seeing a little bit of cooling in terms of the consumer spending momentum. But there isn't any form of retrenchment that would be alarming in terms of future income trends and in terms of future consumer spending trends."
Persons: Dow, Gregory Daco, Daco, Goldman Sachs, Goldman, Spencer Hill Organizations: Wall, Gross, Atlanta Federal, Commerce, Commerce Department Locations: U.S, Atlanta
Federal Reserve Bank Chair Jerome Powell speaks during a news conference at the bank's William McChesney Martin building on March 20, 2024 in Washington, DC. His comments come as investors await the release of further U.S. economic data and closely monitor clues from Fed officials about the expected number of interest rate cuts in 2024. Asked on Thursday about the likelihood of one or no Fed interest rate cuts this year, Blitz said that it's "getting pretty good. Blitz said markets will likely continue to march higher, even if the Fed decides not to impose any interest rate cuts this year — a prospect that U.S. asset manager Vanguard named as their base-case scenario. Christopher Waller, governor of the US Federal Reserve, during a Fed Listens event in Washington, DC, US, on Friday, March 22, 2024.
Persons: Jerome Powell, William McChesney Martin, Chip Somodevilla, Steven Blitz, Blitz, They're, CNBC's, it's, Christopher Waller, Waller, Raphael Bostic, Jerome, Powell Organizations: Bank, Getty, Federal Reserve, TS Lombard, Traders, Fed, Vanguard, Economic, of New, Atlanta Federal Reserve, US Federal Reserve, Bloomberg Locations: Washington ,, U.S, of New York, Atlanta, Washington , DC
Here's a question on the minds of investors amid recent hotter-than-anticipated inflation readings and this powerful rally: Are we due for a stock market scare? However, as of late, there have been some early warning signs that the declines in inflation may be slowing. Other areas have also sent up some flags that could adversely affect stocks and bonds in the short run. However, it is unwise to ignore what market signals are suggesting, at least in the short run. But in the short run, we should remain on heightened alert for changes in this year's outlook.
Persons: It's, I'm, John Maynard Keynes, Ron Insana Organizations: Federal Reserve, New York Federal Reserve, West Texas, Atlanta Federal, CNBC, Financial Partners Locations: York
The dollar was steady on Friday after data showed U.S. inflation remained sticky but easing gradually, keeping alive the chance of the Federal Reserve cutting rates in June, while the yen slid back to the key 150 per dollar level. The data showed U.S. prices picked up in January in line with expectations, while annual inflation slipped to the lowest in three years. Takata's comments stoked expectations that the central bank could end negative rates in March rather than the widely held view of a move in April. The contrasting comments are likely to keep investors guessing about the next move from the central bank. The Australian dollar rose 0.08% to $0.65025, while the New Zealand dollar was little changed at $0.6088.
Persons: Raphael Bostic, Hajime Takata, Kazuo Ueda Organizations: Federal Reserve, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Traders, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank, Bank of Japan, New Zealand Locations: United States, U.S, Atlanta
Gold heads for worst weekly fall in six as rate-cut view tempers
  + stars: | 2024-01-19 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: +2 min
Gold prices have increased since the Ukraine War but have soared to record highs since the start of the Hamas-Israel war. Other factors are the weakening US dollar and expected rate cuts from the Federal Reserve. Spot gold was little changed at $2,022.07 per ounce by 0404 GMT, but has fallen 1.3% so far in the week. Markets were betting on 139 basis points (bps) of Fed rate cuts this year, down from 150 bps a week earlier, according to LSEG's interest rate probability app, IRPR. The odds of a Fed rate cut in March have dropped to 54% from about 71% last week, according to IRPR.
Persons: Bullion, Hugo Pascal, Pascal, Raphael Bostic Organizations: Federal Reserve, hawkish Fed, U.S, Atlanta Federal Reserve Locations: Birmingham, England, Ukraine, Israel, InProved, IRPR
This year could be a banner one for dividends, according to Bank of America Securities. For one, high dividend yield tends to lead in recoveries and global wave upturns, she wrote. Dividends also bridge a gap between "muddled macro signals" that impede a full cyclical/small cap recovery as the Federal Reserve pauses and/or cuts rates, Subramanian said. Atlanta Federal Reserve President Raphael Bostic said Thursday he expects policymakers to start cutting rates in the third quarter of 2024. "We expect more cash to revert to equity income as retirees reach for yield as cash yields ebb," Subramanian said.
Persons: Savita Subramanian, Subramanian, Raphael Bostic, There's, Humana, — CNBC's Michael Bloom Organizations: Bank of America Securities, Federal Reserve, Atlanta Federal Reserve, CNBC Pro, ETF, Elevance Health
Gold near 5-week low as rate-cut optimism tapers
  + stars: | 2024-01-18 | by ( ) www.cnbc.com   time to read: +2 min
Gold bars arranged at the Korea Gold Exchange store in Seoul, South Korea, on Friday, Oct. 13, 2023. Gold prices hovered near five-week lows on Thursday, as hawkish remarks from Federal Reserve officials and robust data dampened investors' expectation for deeper and early interest rate cuts in U.S. this year. The dollar has strengthened substantially in the past few days, putting a strain on gold prices, Brian Lan at the Singapore based dealer GoldSilver Central, said. Money markets were betting on 142 basis points of Fed rate cuts this year, while pricing in a 61% chance of a March easing, according to LSEG's interest rate probability app, IRPR. Lower interest rates decrease the opportunity cost of holding bullion.
Persons: Brian Lan, it's, GoldSilver's Lan, Raphael Bostic, Bostic, Christopher Waller's Organizations: Korea Gold Exchange, Federal Reserve, GoldSilver, Traders, Atlanta Federal Reserve Locations: Seoul, South Korea, Singapore
Atlanta Federal Reserve President Raphael Bostic expects policymakers to start cutting rates in the third quarter of this year, saying Thursday that inflation is well on its way back to the central bank's goal. While the remarks help illuminate a timeline for rate cuts, they also serve as a reminder that Fed officials and market participants have different expectations about policy easing. The implied probability for a quarter percentage point reduction has decreased in recent days but still stood around 57% on Thursday morning. Pricing further indicates a total of six cuts this year, or one at every FOMC meeting but one from March forward. "In such an unpredictable environment, it would be unwise to lock in an emphatic approach to monetary policy," Bostic said.
Persons: Raphael Bostic, Bostic, he's Organizations: Atlanta Federal Reserve, Market, Commerce, Labor Department, CNBC PRO Locations: Atlanta, Washington
"In a different cycle, when inflation hadn't spiked so much, I think the Fed would have been cutting rates already. "If the real fed funds rate continues to go higher as I expect it will, then you'd want to offset that through rate cuts. And the amount of rate cuts I think they're going to have to do is a relatively large amount." "I think there's a real risk of a hard landing if the Fed doesn't start cutting rates pretty soon," the head of Pershing Square Capital Management added. However, even some of the historically more dovish Fed officials aren't showing their hands on when they think cuts will come.
Persons: Valerie Plesch, Kathy Jones, Charles Schwab, Christopher Waller, Michelle Bowman, Waller, Bowman, Joseph LaVorgna, Donald Trump, Chris Marangi, Bill Ackman, Ackman, David Rubenstein, Raphael Bostic, Thomas Barkin Organizations: Eccles Federal, Bloomberg, Getty, Federal Reserve, Fed, Nikko Securities America, National Economic Council, CME Group, Stocks, Gabelli, Market, Pershing, Capital Management, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Richmond Locations: Washington , DC, Atlanta
High interest rates could slow consumer spending and lead to layoffs. Since March 2022, the Federal Reserve has hiked interest rates 10 consecutive times to fight inflation as the country emerged from its pandemic recovery. Here's how experts are feeling about the economy headed into the new year, and whether they think a recession is on the horizon. Some think a recession is likely in 2024Some experts predict high interest rates will take a toll on the economy, making a recession likely sometime next year. AdvertisementOthers think a recession is unlikely in 2024Other experts don't see a recession hitting the US economy in the next year.
Persons: , Janet Yellen, Jerome Powell, he's, Ken Griffin, we're, Griffin, Arend Kapteyn, Bhanu Baweja, Marc Lasry, Lasry, Rob Arnott, Jeffrey Gundlach, Bill Adams, Raphael Bostic, Brian Moynihan, Goldman Sachs, Jan Hatzius, Goldman, Hatzius Organizations: Service, Federal Reserve, Bloomberg, Citadel, UBS, Capital, National Bureau of Economic Research, CNBC, DoubleLine, Comerica Bank, Atlanta Federal Reserve, UCLA, Bank of America, Reuters Locations: United States, Dallas, Atlanta
U.S. equity futures were flat on Sunday evening after the major averages capped their best week so far this year. S&P 500 futures ticked higher by 0.03% and Nasdaq 100 futures hovered below the flat line at 0.01%. November is the best-performing month for the S&P 500, according to the Stock Traders' Almanac. The S&P 500 has generated an average return of 7% from November through April since then, he said. Several other Fed officials are making public remarks later in the week as well, including New York Federal Reserve President and CEO John Williams, Atlanta Federal Reserve President Raphael Bostic, Richmond Federal Reserve President Thomas Barkin and Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan.
Persons: Dow, LPL, Adam Turnquist, Turnquist, Walt Disney, Wynn, Jerome Powell, Bharat Ramamurti, CNBC's, Lisa D, Cook, John Williams, Raphael Bostic, Thomas Barkin, Lorie Logan Organizations: Dow Jones, Nasdaq, Stock Traders, MGM Resorts, Occidental Petroleum, National Economic Council, New York Federal Reserve, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Richmond Federal, Dallas Fed Locations: Horton, Atlanta, Richmond
Get Ready for a Short-Lived Economic Boom
  + stars: | 2023-10-24 | by ( Stephen Miran | ) www.wsj.com   time to read: +1 min
Journal Editorial Report: The week's best and worst from Dan Henninger, Mary O’Grady and Kim Strassel. Images: Reuters/AFP/Getty Images/Bloomberg News Composite: Mark KellyThe Bureau of Economic Analysis will release its third-quarter economic-growth estimate Thursday, and expectations are stratospheric. The Atlanta Federal Reserve suggests gross domestic product might have grown at an annual rate of more than 5%. The answer lies in the unexpected loosening of fiscal and monetary policy in 2023. After taking account of the Biden administration’s unsuccessful attempt to forgive student loans, the deficit unexpectedly doubled this year to about $2 trillion, according to the Congressional Budget Office.
Persons: Dan Henninger, Mary O’Grady, Kim Strassel, Mark Kelly The, Biden Organizations: AFP, Getty, Bloomberg, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Congressional
The investment firm said it wouldn't be a surprise if the economy showed strong growth right before a recession started. "In the last 12 recessions, the quarter before the economy went into a recession, growth was positive and robust." AdvertisementAdvertisementInvestors shouldn't be fooled by strong GDP growth in the next quarter or two, as an economic recession could still be right around the corner. That's based on the fact that prior recessions saw solid economic growth in the quarter right before the recession started, according to data from Raymond James. "In the last 12 recessions, the quarter before the economy went into a recession, growth was positive and robust—registering an average growth rate of 2.6%.
Persons: Raymond James, , Larry Adam, Raymond James Strong, Adam, he's, Bill Gross, Gross, Wharton, Jeremy Siegel, Siegel Organizations: Service, Atlanta Federal
Morning Bid: Bond squeeze abates as Middle East war in focus
  + stars: | 2023-10-20 | by ( ) www.reuters.com   time to read: +5 min
A street sign for Wall Street hangs in front of the New York Stock Exchange May 8, 2013. Dallas Fed cheif Lorie Logan added overnight that recent data and bond yield moves gave the central bank space. Reactions in the market were curious, however, with implied Fed policy rates in the futures market and two-year Treasury yields easing back even as 10-year yields chomped at the 5% bit. The resulting further disinversion of the yield curve to show the gap between two and 10-year yields at its lowest in a year is some testament to that. But with another nervous weekend around the Israel-Gaza war ahead, when markets are closed or illiquid, Friday trading has shifted the focus back to short-term safety hedges.
Persons: Lucas Jackson, Mike Dolan, Jerome Powell's, Powell, Lorie Logan, Huntington, Loretta Mester, Patrick Harker, Joe Biden, Charles Michel, Ursula von der Leyen, Elaine Hardcastle Organizations: New York Stock Exchange, REUTERS, Treasury, Atlanta Federal, Dallas Fed, Bank of Japan, L'Oreal, American Express, Interpublic, Schlumberger, Cleveland Federal, Philadelphia Fed, European Council, European Commission Reuters Graphics Reuters Graphics, Reuters Graphics Reuters, Thomson, Reuters Locations: U.S, Israel, Gaza, Europe, China, Comerica, Huntington Bancshares, Washington
Atlanta Federal Reserve President Raphael Bostic on Friday said he doesn't envision interest rate cuts happening until well into 2024. "I would say late 2024," Bostic replied when asked for a time frame when the first decrease could come. The Fed has raised its key borrowing rate 11 times since March 2022 for a total of 5.25 percentage points. My outlook says that inflation is going to come down but it's not going to like fall off a cliff," Bostic said during the "Squawk Box" interview. Bostic is not a voting member this year of the rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee, but will get a vote in 2024.
Persons: Raphael Bostic, there's, Bostic, it's Organizations: Atlanta Federal Reserve, CNBC, Fed, Market Locations: Atlanta
Major earnings reports and economic data will be in focus next week as investors seek clarity on how the Federal Reserve will proceed from here. But next week will bring the lion's share of results including reports from mega-cap darlings Alphabet, Amazon , Meta Platforms and Microsoft . While the S & P 500 is higher by 10% in 2023, the equal-weighted index is down slightly. Of note, Tesla shares sank more than 9% on Thursday following a pessimistic economic outlook from CEO Elon Musk during the company's earnings call. Its the S & P 500's first weekly loss in three weeks.
Persons: bode, Elon Musk, We're, Sam Stovall, it's, Raphael Bostic, Ed Clissold, Ned Davis, Clissold, Katie Stockton, Rob Ginsberg, I'm, CFRA's Stovall, Stovall, Sherwin, Williams, Kimberly, Hess, Raymond James Financial, Keurig Dr Pepper, Northrop, Willis Towers Watson, Stanley Black, Rowe Price Organizations: Federal Reserve, Microsoft, Investors, CFRA, Dow Jones, Treasury, Fed, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Ned, Ned Davis Research, Wolfe Research, Chicago, P, PMI, P Global PMI Manufacturing, P Global PMI Services, Richmond Fed, Visa, Texas Instruments, General Electric, NextEra Energy, Raytheon Technologies, Dow, Inc, General Motors, Halliburton, Coca, Corning, Hilton Worldwide, General Dynamics, Dominion Freight, Mobile US, Boeing, Raymond, Technology, Whirlpool, International Business Machines, O'Reilly, Honeywell, Northrop Grumman, Mastercard, Amazon, Royal Caribbean Group, Tractor Supply, United Parcel Service, Hasbro, Southwest Airlines, Comcast, Hershey, Intel, L3Harris Technologies, Ford Motor, Energy, Chevron, Decker, Exxon Mobil, Colgate, Palmolive Locations: U.S, Atlanta, AbbVie
Based on International Monetary Fund data on comparative international investment positions through the early part of this year, U.S. portfolio investment overseas - equity, fund shares and debt securities - stood at more than $14.5 trillion. US funds shy of overseas equityUS economic growth roaring at more than 5%US expensive for a reason? The upshot could be an ever wider U.S. deficit on its net international investment position - potentially lifting the dollar as that inflates, but leaving it vulnerable to the yawning gap and foreign investor sentiment down the road. IMF chart on US net international investment deficitUS stocks lead the packThe opinions expressed here are those of the author, a columnist for ReutersEditing by Josie KaoOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. They do not reflect the views of Reuters News, which, under the Trust Principles, is committed to integrity, independence, and freedom from bias.
Persons: Brendan McDermid, that's, it's, Julius Baer's, Yves Bonzon, Josie Kao Organizations: New York Stock Exchange, REUTERS, Atlanta Federal, Monetary, ICI, Thomson, Reuters Locations: New York City, U.S, China, Gaza, Russia, Ukraine, Moscow, Washington, Taiwan, United States, Swiss, Switzerland, Germany
Consumer prices rose 0.4% in September, more than economists had expected, as rising costs for shelter drove the increase, the Labor Department reported on Thursday. On an annual basis, the consumer price index was unchanged for the month, at 3.7%. The core CPI, leaving out energy and food costs, rose 0.3%, while the yearly rate dropped to 4.1% from 4.3% previously. The CPI release follows Wednesday’s producer price index that rose more than expected, at 0.5% for the month, and 2.2% for the year. But, over the last 12 months, consumer inflation has fallen from an 8.2% pace – although it remains well above the 2% annual goal set by the Federal Reserve.
Persons: ” Johan Grahn Organizations: Labor Department, Federal Reserve, Allianz Investment Management, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank
European stock markets were mixed Wednesday lower after clocking their best one-day performance in nearly a year. The Stoxx 600 was index was 0.19% higher at 8:50 a.m. London time, reversing earlier slight losses. European marketsThe Stoxx gained nearly 2% on Tuesday, according to LSEG data, its strongest session since Nov. 10, 2022. Bullish global trading was boosted by two Federal Reserve officials who suggested Monday that the recent rise in Treasury yields may reduce the need to raise the Federal Funds rate, paring back peak rate expectations. Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank President Raphael Bostic on Tuesday said rates did not need to rise any further.
Persons: Raphael Bostic Organizations: Federal, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank Locations: London
REUTERS/Clodagh Kilcoyne/File Photo Acquire Licensing RightsOct 10 (Reuters) - Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank President Raphael Bostic on Tuesday said the U.S. central bank need not raise borrowing costs any further, and sees no recession ahead even as the Fed's rate hikes so far slow the economy and bring down inflation. "I actually don't think we need to increase rates anymore" to get too-high inflation back down to the Fed's 2% goal, Bostic told the American Bankers Association, to applause. Policy is sufficiently restrictive, and "a lot" of the impact of the Fed's rate hikes so far is clearly yet to come, he said. The conflict between Israel and the Palestinian militant group Hamas which broke out over the weekend creates uncertainty for the United States and the global economy, Bostic said, noting that it will cause rethinking on markets and investments. If data comes in differently from what he expects, Bostic said "we might have to increase (the Fed policy rate), but that's not my outlook right now, and that's not my expectation."
Persons: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Raphael, Bostic, Clodagh, Raphael Bostic, that's, Ann Saphir, Emelia Sithole Organizations: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, REUTERS, Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank, American Bankers Association, Palestinian, Hamas, Thomson Locations: Dublin, Ireland, U.S, Israel, United States, Ukraine
It needs to translate into changes in economic outcomes," Bostic said in comments to reporters alongside the release of a new policy essay. Part of that adaptation is how the Fed's short-term benchmark is translated ultimately into mortgage rates, corporate bonds yields, and other securities that influence economic activity. In separate comments, Cleveland Fed President Loretta Mester said she similarly is watching how the rise in bond yields will play out, even though she feels the Fed's policy rate still needs to rise. It may well be that the Fed's hawkish rate posture is no longer the primary impetus for the rise in yields. Reporting by Howard Schneider and Dan Burns; Editing by Andrea RicciOur Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
Persons: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Raphael, Bostic, Clodagh, Raphael Bostic, Loretta Mester, Mester, Torsten Slok, Slok, Howard Schneider, Dan Burns, Andrea Ricci Organizations: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, REUTERS, Rights, Federal Reserve, Treasury, Atlanta Federal Reserve, U.S, Cleveland Fed, Apollo Global Management, Reuters, Fitch, Treasury Department, Bank of, Thomson Locations: Dublin, Ireland, Atlanta, China, York
Morning Bid: This Fed's not for turning
  + stars: | 2023-10-03 | by ( ) www.reuters.com   time to read: +5 min
The U.S. Federal Reserve building is pictured in Washington, March 18, 2008. That thought was echoed by Cleveland Fed chief Loretta Mester, who said: "I suspect we may well need to raise the fed funds rate once more this year." Either way, this is not the sound of a Fed who thinks the inflation battle is won. Fed hawkishness, however, has kept futures markets pricing a 50-50 chance of another quarter point rate hike to the 5.50-5.75% range by year-end. They do not reflect the views of Reuters News, which, under the Trust Principles, is committed to integrity, independence, and freedom from bias.
Persons: Jason Reed, Mike Dolan, they've, Michelle Bowman, Loretta Mester, Michael Barr, hawkishness, Raphael Bostic, Susan Fenton Organizations: U.S . Federal, REUTERS, Reserve, Cleveland Fed, Institute, Supply, Bank of Japan, Reserve Bank of Australia, Big Tech, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Treasury, McCormick, PMI, Reuters, Thomson Locations: Washington, U.S
FILE PHOTO:President and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Raphael Bostic speaks at the South African Reserve Bank's Biennial Conference in the Cape Town International Convention Centre, South Africa, August 31, 2023. "I don't think there is an urgency for us to do anything more ... I think that is the appropriate thing to do for a long time," Bostic said. The current policy rate "is starting to slow the economy down. Recent data showing a decline in the underlying pace of inflation is expected by many investors to hold the benchmark policy rate steady.
Persons: Raphael Bostic, Esa Alexander, Bostic, Let's, Howard Schneider, Andrew Heavens, Will Dunham Organizations: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, South African, Bank's, Cape Town International Convention Centre, REUTERS, Rights, Federal Reserve, Atlanta Federal Reserve, Metro Atlanta Chamber, Federal, Fed, Thomson Locations: South Africa, Atlanta
Many view healthcare as a defensive sector because it has constant demand and is somewhat insulated from the economy. In the latest week, investors pulled a net $1.4 billion from the sector, the biggest weekly outflow since May 2022. Overall, the healthcare sector - which ranges from health insurers like UnitedHealth to pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer to small biotechs - has received the third largest inflows of any sector year to date, BofA's data showed. This would weaken the case for loading up on healthcare stocks. Overall, healthcare sector earnings are expected to lag this year as COVID-related revenues decline 13% versus a 1.8% rise for the overall S&P 500.
Persons: Brendan McDermid, Bob Kalman, Emily Roland, Dan Lyons, Janus Henderson, you've, Lyons, Kalman, Joe Biden's, Margie Patel, Patel, David Randall, Ira Iosebashvili, Megan Davies, David Gregorio, Richard Chang Organizations: New York Stock Exchange, REUTERS, Atlanta Federal, BofA Global Research, Pfizer, Miramar Capital, Healthcare, John Hancock Investment Management, Janus Henderson Investors, U.S, Bristol Myers Squibb, Allspring Global Investments, Thomson Locations: New York City, U.S
Fed's Bostic says U.S. interest rates are high enough
  + stars: | 2023-08-31 | by ( ) www.reuters.com   time to read: +3 min
U.S. Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank President Raphael Bostic speaks to reporters at the National Association of Business Economics' annual policy meeting in Washington, U.S. March 21, 2022. "I feel policy is appropriately restrictive," Bostic said in remarks prepared for delivery to the South African Reserve Bank Biennial Conference in Cape Town, South Africa. "We should be cautious and patient and let the restrictive policy continue to influence the economy, lest we risk tightening too much and inflicting unnecessary economic pain." U.S. central bankers are widely expected to leave the Fed's policy rate in the current range of 5.25%-5.5% when they next meet in a little less than three weeks. Bostic has been in the minority at the Fed, cautioning against over-tightening policy and needlessly hurting jobs and livelihoods.
Persons: Raphael Bostic, Ann Saphir, Bostic, Bostic's, Richard Chang Organizations: Atlanta Federal Reserve Bank, National Association of Business Economics, REUTERS, South African Reserve Bank Biennial, U.S, Thomson Locations: Washington , U.S, Cape Town , South Africa, U.S
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